Kazakhstan was the last state to leave the USSR, in December 1991. It then established itself as a sovereign state under the presidency of Nursultan Nazarbayev, who remained at the …
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Introduction Kyrgyzstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 but has remained closely intertwined with Russia’s geopolitical orbit. Over three decades, Bishkek and Moscow have built an extensive partnership …
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Articles and analysis
Tajikistan–Russia Relations Since 1991: Political, Economic, and Security Dimensions
Introduction Tajikistan’s relationship with Russia has been tightly interwoven across politics, economics, and security since the Soviet collapse. Civil war, fragile institutions, and geography made Moscow the decisive external actor …
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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia has maintained one of the closest relationships with Russia among the former Soviet republics. This bond was rooted in security …
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Introduction Uzbekistan’s relationship with Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has evolved through phases of strategic partnership, cautious distancing, and pragmatic re-engagement. Over three decades, Tashkent …
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Articles and analysis
Azerbaijan–Russia Relations Since 1991: Political, Economic, and Security Dimensions
Introduction Since independence in 1991, Azerbaijan has managed relations with Russia through a disciplined blend of accommodation and autonomy. The asymmetry is obvious: Russia is an important power with deep …
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The August 8 meeting in Washington and the subsequent trilateral declaration marked a pivotal and transformative step in the process of normalizing Armenian-Azerbaijani relations. From a practical perspective, particular significance …
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Key Points: On August 22, Turkey broke ground on a new railway which will connect Kars with Azerbaijan via the planned passing through Armenia. The 224-kilometer railway will cost $2.4 …
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Articles and analysis
Comparative Analysis of the Political and Legal Relationship Between the South Caucasus and the Islamic Republic of Iran
Introduction Since the Islamic Revolution of the late 1970s, Iran’s foreign policy has often been shaped by Western sanctions and political isolation, firmly limiting its regional influence. Nonetheless, Iran retains …
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Document legend:Important treatiesShared treaties between Armenia, Azerbaijan and GeorgiaAdditional information EU and Armenia: EU and Azerbaijan: EU and Georgia: Article written by Emilien Renard and Adelina Drauschke, Interns and Research …
