Articles and analysis

Kazakhstan was the last state to leave the USSR, in December 1991. It then established itself as a sovereign state under the presidency of Nursultan Nazarbayev, who remained at the …

Introduction Kyrgyzstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 but has remained closely intertwined with Russia’s geopolitical orbit. Over three decades, Bishkek and Moscow have built an extensive partnership …

Introduction Tajikistan’s relationship with Russia has been tightly interwoven across politics, economics, and security since the Soviet collapse. Civil war, fragile institutions, and geography made Moscow the decisive external actor …

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia has maintained one of the closest relationships with Russia among the former Soviet republics. This bond was rooted in security …

Introduction Uzbekistan’s relationship with Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has evolved through phases of strategic partnership, cautious distancing, and pragmatic re-engagement. Over three decades, Tashkent …

Introduction Since independence in 1991, Azerbaijan has managed relations with Russia through a disciplined blend of accommodation and autonomy. The asymmetry is obvious: Russia is an important power with deep …

Key Points: On August 22, Turkey broke ground on a new railway which will connect Kars with Azerbaijan via the planned passing through Armenia. The 224-kilometer railway will cost $2.4 …

Introduction Since the Islamic Revolution of the late 1970s, Iran’s foreign policy has often been shaped by Western sanctions and political isolation, firmly limiting its regional influence. Nonetheless, Iran retains …

Document legend:Important treatiesShared treaties between Armenia, Azerbaijan and GeorgiaAdditional information EU and Armenia: EU and Azerbaijan: EU and Georgia: Article written by Emilien Renard and Adelina Drauschke, Interns and Research …

Introduction Corridors occupy a unique place in international relations, embodying the intersection of customs administration, territorial complexity, and security dynamics. Studying how corridors function worldwide provides practical insights to often …